webauthn

Passwordless.ID / webauthn

A greatly simplified and opinionated wrapper to invoke the webauthn protocol more conveniently. It is an open source, minimalistic (11kb) and dependency-free library.

This library is used in Passwordless.ID, a free public identity provider based on WebAuthn.

Try out the playground to see how this library works:

Testing Playground

Other demos with minial examples:

GitHub: https://github.com/passwordless-id/webauthn

How does the protocol work?

This diagram shows how the webauthn protocol works, slightly simplified.

diagram

Further documentation about the protocol can be found in the webauthn guide at Passwordless.ID.

Installation / Usage

NPM

npm install @passwordless-id/webauthn

import * as webauthn from '@passwordless-id/webauthn'

Browser

<script type="module">
  import { client } from 'https://unpkg.com/@passwordless-id/webauthn@1.2.6/dist/webauthn.min.js'
</script>

Import

The webauthn module is basically a “bundle” composed of the following modules:

client: used for invoking webauthn in the browser
server: used for verifying responses in the server
parsers: used to parse part or all of the encoded data without verifications
utils: various encoding, decoding, challenge generator and other utils

It was designed that way so that you can import only the module(s) you need. That way, the size of your final js bundle is reduced even further. Importing all is dependency free and < 10kb anyway.

So you might for example import { client } from '@passwordless-id/webauthn' for browser side stuff and import { server } from '@passwordless-id/webauthn' for server side stuff.

Runs in…

In Chrome, Edge, Safari (Firefox is still missing a piece)
NodeJS 19+ (*)
Cloudflare Workers
Probably in most recent browsers/servers

(*) For older Node versions, take a look at Arch0125’s fork. (The reason of the Node 19+ compatibility is basically WebCrypto being globally available, making it possible to use the same build for all targets: browser, node, clouflare workers…)

Utilities

import { client } from '@passwordless-id/webauthn' 

client.isAvailable()

Returns true or false depending on whether the Webauthn protocol is available on this platform/browser. Particularly linux and “exotic” web browsers might not have support yet.

await client.isLocalAuthenticator()

This promise returns true or false depending on whether the device itself can act as authenticator. Otherwise, a “roaming” authenticator like a smartphone or usb security key can be used. This information is mainly used for information messages and user guidance.

Registration

Overview

The registration process occurs in four steps:

The browser requests a challenge from the server
The browser triggers client.register(...) and sends the result to the server
The server parses and verifies the registration payload
The server stores the credential key of this device for the user account

Note that unlike traditionnal authentication, the credential key is attached to the device. Therefore, it might make sense for a single user account to have multiple credential keys.

1. Requesting challenge

The challenge is basically a nonce to avoid replay attacks.

const challenge = /* request it from server */

Remember it on the server side during a certain amount of time and “consume” it once used.

2. Trigger registration in browser

Example call:

import { client } from '@passwordless-id/webauthn' 

const challenge = "a7c61ef9-dc23-4806-b486-2428938a547e"
const registration = await client.register("Arnaud", challenge, {
  authenticatorType: "auto",
  userVerification: "required",
  timeout: 60000,
  attestation: false,
  userHandle: "recommended to set it to a random 64 bytes value",
  debug: false
})

Parameters:

username: The desired username.
challenge: A server-side randomly generated string.
options: See below.

The registration object looks like this:

{
  "username": "Arnaud",
  "credential": {
    "id": "3924HhJdJMy_svnUowT8eoXrOOO6NLP8SK85q2RPxdU",
    "publicKey": "MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEgyYqQmUAmDn9J7dR5xl-HlyAA0R2XV5sgQRnSGXbLt_xCrEdD1IVvvkyTmRD16y9p3C2O4PTZ0OF_ZYD2JgTVA==",
    "algorithm": "ES256"
  },
  "authenticatorData": "SZYN5YgOjGh0NBcPZHZgW4_krrmihjLHmVzzuoMdl2NFAAAAAAiYcFjK3EuBtuEw3lDcvpYAIN_duB4SXSTMv7L51KME_HqF6zjjujSz_EivOatkT8XVpQECAyYgASFYIIMmKkJlAJg5_Se3UecZfh5cgANEdl1ebIEEZ0hl2y7fIlgg8QqxHQ9SFb75Mk5kQ9esvadwtjuD02dDhf2WA9iYE1Q=",
  "clientData": "eyJ0eXBlIjoid2ViYXV0aG4uY3JlYXRlIiwiY2hhbGxlbmdlIjoiYTdjNjFlZjktZGMyMy00ODA2LWI0ODYtMjQyODkzOGE1NDdlIiwib3JpZ2luIjoiaHR0cDovL2xvY2FsaG9zdDo4MDgwIiwiY3Jvc3NPcmlnaW4iOmZhbHNlfQ=="
}

Then simply send this object as JSON to the server.

3. Verify it server side

import { server } from '@passwordless-id/webauthn' 

const expected = {
    challenge: "a7c61ef9-dc23-4806-b486-2428938a547e", // whatever was randomly generated by the server
    origin: "http://localhost:8080",
}
const registrationParsed = await server.verifyRegistration(registration, expected)

Either this operation fails and throws an Error, or the verification is successful and returns the parsed registration. Example result:

{
  "username": "Arnaud",
  "credential": {
    "id": "3924HhJdJMy_svnUowT8eoXrOOO6NLP8SK85q2RPxdU",
    "publicKey": "MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEgyYqQmUAmDn9J7dR5xl-HlyAA0R2XV5sgQRnSGXbLt_xCrEdD1IVvvkyTmRD16y9p3C2O4PTZ0OF_ZYD2JgTVA==",
    "algorithm": "ES256"
  },
  "authenticator": {
    ...
    "name": "Windows Hello Hardware Authenticator"
  },
  ...
}

NOTE: Currently, the attestation which proves the exact model type of the authenticator is not verified. Do I need attestation?

4. Store the credential key

The credential key is the most important part and should be stored in a database for later since it will be used to verify the authentication signature.

"credential": {
  "id": "3924HhJdJMy_svnUowT8eoXrOOO6NLP8SK85q2RPxdU",
  "publicKey": "MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEgyYqQmUAmDn9J7dR5xl-HlyAA0R2XV5sgQRnSGXbLt_xCrEdD1IVvvkyTmRD16y9p3C2O4PTZ0OF_ZYD2JgTVA==",
  "algorithm": "ES256"
},

Please note that unlike traditional systems, a user might have multiple credential keys, one per device.

Authentication

Overview

There are two kinds of authentications possible:

by providing a list of allowed credential IDs
by letting the platform offer a default UI to select the user and its credential

Both have their pros & cons (TODO: article).

The authentication procedure is similar to the procedure and divided in four steps.

The browser requests a challenge from the server
The browser triggers client.authenticate(...) and sends the result to the server
The server loads the credential key used for authentication
The server parses and verifies the authentication payload

1. Requesting challenge

The challenge is basically a nonce to avoid replay attacks.

const challenge = /* request it from server */

Remember it on the server side during a certain amount of time and “consume” it once used.

2. Trigger authentication in browser

Example call:

import { client } from '@passwordless-id/webauthn'

const challenge = "56535b13-5d93-4194-a282-f234c1c24500"
const authentication = await client.authenticate(["3924HhJdJMy_svnUowT8eoXrOOO6NLP8SK85q2RPxdU"], challenge, {
  "authenticatorType": "auto",
  "userVerification": "required",
  "timeout": 60000
})

Example response:

{
  "credentialId": "3924HhJdJMy_svnUowT8eoXrOOO6NLP8SK85q2RPxdU",
  "authenticatorData": "SZYN5YgOjGh0NBcPZHZgW4_krrmihjLHmVzzuoMdl2MFAAAAAQ==",
  "clientData": "eyJ0eXBlIjoid2ViYXV0aG4uZ2V0IiwiY2hhbGxlbmdlIjoiNTY1MzViMTMtNWQ5My00MTk0LWEyODItZjIzNGMxYzI0NTAwIiwib3JpZ2luIjoiaHR0cDovL2xvY2FsaG9zdDo4MDgwIiwiY3Jvc3NPcmlnaW4iOmZhbHNlLCJvdGhlcl9rZXlzX2Nhbl9iZV9hZGRlZF9oZXJlIjoiZG8gbm90IGNvbXBhcmUgY2xpZW50RGF0YUpTT04gYWdhaW5zdCBhIHRlbXBsYXRlLiBTZWUgaHR0cHM6Ly9nb28uZ2wveWFiUGV4In0=",
  "signature": "MEUCIAqtFVRrn7q9HvJCAsOhE3oKJ-Hb4ISfjABu4lH70MKSAiEA666slmop_oCbmNZdc-QemTv2Rq4g_D7UvIhWT_vVp8M="
}

Parameters:

credentialIds: The list of credential IDs that can be used for signing.
challenge: A server-side randomly generated string, the base64url encoded version will be signed.
options: See below.

3. In the server, load the credential key

import { server } from '@passwordless-id/webauthn' 

const credentialKey = { // obtained from database by looking up `authentication.credentialId`
    id: "3924HhJdJMy_svnUowT8eoXrOOO6NLP8SK85q2RPxdU",
    publicKey: "MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEgyYqQmUAmDn9J7dR5xl-HlyAA0R2XV5sgQRnSGXbLt_xCrEdD1IVvvkyTmRD16y9p3C2O4PTZ0OF_ZYD2JgTVA==",
    algorithm: "ES256"
} as const

const expected = {
    challenge: "56535b13-5d93-4194-a282-f234c1c24500", // whatever was randomly generated by the server.
    origin: "http://localhost:8080",
    userVerified: true, // should be set if `userVerification` was set to `required` in the authentication options (default)
    counter: 0 // for better security, you should verify the authenticator "usage" counter increased since last time
}

On iOS/MacOS, the counter value for the first authentication will be 0, while on Android/Windows the counter will start with 1. So using a counter value of -1 seems best to cover the initial case. Please note that the specs do not mandate “+1” increases, it could theoretically increase by any amount.

Often, it might also be more practical to use functions to verify challenge or origin. This is possible too:

const expected = {
    challenge: async (challenge) => { /* async call to DB for example */ return true },
    origin: (origin) => listOfAllowedOrigins.includes(origin),
    userVerified: true, // no function allowed here
    counter: 0  // no function allowed here
}

4. Verify the authentication

const authenticationParsed = await server.verifyAuthentication(authentication, credentialKey, expected)

Either this operation fails and throws an Error, or the verification is successful and returns the parsed authentication payload.

Please note that this parsed result authenticationParsed has no real use. It is solely returned for the sake of completeness. The verifyAuthentication already verifies the payload, including the signature.

Remarks

The `challenge` is critical

The challenge must be a random value. Otherwise, your implementation might become vulnerable to replay attacks.

There can be multiple credentials per user ID

Unlike traditional authentication, you can have multiple public/private key pairs per user: one per device.

Authentication does not provide `username` out of the box

Only credentialId is provided during the authentication.

So either you maintain a mapping credentialId -> username in your database, or you add the username in your frontend to backend communication.

Let the platform choose the user

You can not specify any credential ids during authentication. In that case, the platform will pop-up a default dialog to let you pick a user and perform authentication. Of course, the look and feel is platform specific.

This library simplifies a few things by using sensible defaults

Unlike the WebAuthn protocol, some defaults are different:

The timeout is one minute by default.
If the device can act as authenticator itself, it is preferred instead of asking which authenticator type to use.
The userVerification is required by default.
The protocol “Relying Party ID” is always set to be the origin domain
The username is used for both the protocol level user “name” and “displayName”

Options

The following options are available for both register and authenticate.

timeout: Number of milliseconds the user has to respond to the biometric/PIN check. (Default: 60000)
userVerification: Whether to prompt for biometric/PIN check or not. (Default: “required”)
authenticatorType: Which device to use as authenticator. Possible values:
- 'auto': if the local device can be used as authenticator it will be preferred. Otherwise it will prompt for a roaming device. (Default)
- 'local': use the local device (using TouchID, FaceID, Windows Hello or PIN)
- 'roaming': use a roaming device (security key or connected phone)
- 'both': prompt the user to choose between local or roaming device. The UI and user interaction in this case is platform specific.
attestation: (Only for registration) If enabled, the device attestation and clientData will be provided as base64 encoded binary data. Note that this is not available on some platforms. (Default: false)
debug: If enabled, parses the “data” objects and provide it in a “debug” properties.
userHandle: (Only for registration) The userHandle can be used to re-register credentials for an existing user, thus overriding the current the key pair and username for that userHandle. The default here is based on a hash of the username, and thus has some security implications as described in issue. For optimal security and privacy, it is recommended to set the userHandle to a random 64 bytes value.
mediation: (Only for authentication) See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CredentialsContainer/get#mediation

Parsing data

If you want to parse the encoded registration, authentication or parts of it without verifying it, it is possible using the parsers module. This might be helpful when debugging.

Registration

import { parsers } from '@passwordless-id/webauthn'

parsers.parseRegistration({
      "username": "Arnaud",
      "credential": {
        "id": "3924HhJdJMy_svnUowT8eoXrOOO6NLP8SK85q2RPxdU",
        "publicKey": "MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEgyYqQmUAmDn9J7dR5xl-HlyAA0R2XV5sgQRnSGXbLt_xCrEdD1IVvvkyTmRD16y9p3C2O4PTZ0OF_ZYD2JgTVA==",
        "algorithm": "ES256"
      },
      "authenticatorData": "SZYN5YgOjGh0NBcPZHZgW4_krrmihjLHmVzzuoMdl2NFAAAAAAiYcFjK3EuBtuEw3lDcvpYAIN_duB4SXSTMv7L51KME_HqF6zjjujSz_EivOatkT8XVpQECAyYgASFYIIMmKkJlAJg5_Se3UecZfh5cgANEdl1ebIEEZ0hl2y7fIlgg8QqxHQ9SFb75Mk5kQ9esvadwtjuD02dDhf2WA9iYE1Q=",
      "clientData": "eyJ0eXBlIjoid2ViYXV0aG4uY3JlYXRlIiwiY2hhbGxlbmdlIjoiYTdjNjFlZjktZGMyMy00ODA2LWI0ODYtMjQyODkzOGE1NDdlIiwib3JpZ2luIjoiaHR0cDovL2xvY2FsaG9zdDo4MDgwIiwiY3Jvc3NPcmlnaW4iOmZhbHNlfQ=="
    })

{
  "username": "Arnaud",
  "credential": {
    "id": "3924HhJdJMy_svnUowT8eoXrOOO6NLP8SK85q2RPxdU",
    "publicKey": "MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEgyYqQmUAmDn9J7dR5xl-HlyAA0R2XV5sgQRnSGXbLt_xCrEdD1IVvvkyTmRD16y9p3C2O4PTZ0OF_ZYD2JgTVA==",
    "algorithm": "ES256"
  },
  "client": {
    "type": "webauthn.create",
    "challenge": "a7c61ef9-dc23-4806-b486-2428938a547e",
    "origin": "http://localhost:8080",
    "crossOrigin": false
  },
  "authenticator": {
    "rpIdHash": "SZYN5YgOjGh0NBcPZHZgW4_krrmihjLHmVzzuoMdl2M=",
    "flags": {
      "userPresent": true,
      "userVerified": true,
      "backupEligibility": false,
      "backupState": false,
      "attestedData": true,
      "extensionsIncluded": false
    },
    "counter": 0,
    "aaguid": "08987058-cadc-4b81-b6e1-30de50dcbe96",
    "name": "Windows Hello Hardware Authenticator"
  },
  "attestation": null
}

Authentication

import { parsers } from '@passwordless-id/webauthn'

parsers.parseAuthentication({
      "credentialId": "3924HhJdJMy_svnUowT8eoXrOOO6NLP8SK85q2RPxdU",
      "authenticatorData": "SZYN5YgOjGh0NBcPZHZgW4_krrmihjLHmVzzuoMdl2MFAAAAAQ==",
      "clientData": "eyJ0eXBlIjoid2ViYXV0aG4uZ2V0IiwiY2hhbGxlbmdlIjoiNTY1MzViMTMtNWQ5My00MTk0LWEyODItZjIzNGMxYzI0NTAwIiwib3JpZ2luIjoiaHR0cDovL2xvY2FsaG9zdDo4MDgwIiwiY3Jvc3NPcmlnaW4iOmZhbHNlLCJvdGhlcl9rZXlzX2Nhbl9iZV9hZGRlZF9oZXJlIjoiZG8gbm90IGNvbXBhcmUgY2xpZW50RGF0YUpTT04gYWdhaW5zdCBhIHRlbXBsYXRlLiBTZWUgaHR0cHM6Ly9nb28uZ2wveWFiUGV4In0=",
      "signature": "MEUCIAqtFVRrn7q9HvJCAsOhE3oKJ-Hb4ISfjABu4lH70MKSAiEA666slmop_oCbmNZdc-QemTv2Rq4g_D7UvIhWT_vVp8M="
    })

{
  "credentialId": "3924HhJdJMy_svnUowT8eoXrOOO6NLP8SK85q2RPxdU",
  "client": {
    "type": "webauthn.get",
    "challenge": "56535b13-5d93-4194-a282-f234c1c24500",
    "origin": "http://localhost:8080",
    "crossOrigin": false,
    "other_keys_can_be_added_here": "do not compare clientDataJSON against a template. See https://goo.gl/yabPex"
  },
  "authenticator": {
    "rpIdHash": "SZYN5YgOjGh0NBcPZHZgW4_krrmihjLHmVzzuoMdl2M=",
    "flags": {
      "userPresent": true,
      "userVerified": true,
      "backupEligibility": false,
      "backupState": false,
      "attestedData": false,
      "extensionsIncluded": false
    },
    "counter": 1
  },
  "signature": "MEUCIAqtFVRrn7q9HvJCAsOhE3oKJ-Hb4ISfjABu4lH70MKSAiEA666slmop_oCbmNZdc-QemTv2Rq4g_D7UvIhWT_vVp8M="
}

`clientData`

import { parsers } from '@passwordless-id/webauthn'

parsers.parseClient("eyJ0eXBlIjoid2ViYXV0aG4uY3JlYXRlIiwiY2hhbGxlbmdlIjoiYTdjNjFlZjktZGMyMy00ODA2LWI0ODYtMjQyODkzOGE1NDdlIiwib3JpZ2luIjoiaHR0cDovL2xvY2FsaG9zdDo4MDgwIiwiY3Jvc3NPcmlnaW4iOmZhbHNlfQ==")

{
    "type": "webauthn.create",
    "challenge": "a7c61ef9-dc23-4806-b486-2428938a547e",
    "origin": "http://localhost:8080",
    "crossOrigin": false
  }

`authenticatorData`

import { parsers } from '@passwordless-id/webauthn'

parsers.parseAuthenticator("SZYN5YgOjGh0NBcPZHZgW4_krrmihjLHmVzzuoMdl2NFAAAAAAiYcFjK3EuBtuEw3lDcvpYAIN_duB4SXSTMv7L51KME_HqF6zjjujSz_EivOatkT8XVpQECAyYgASFYIIMmKkJlAJg5_Se3UecZfh5cgANEdl1ebIEEZ0hl2y7fIlgg8QqxHQ9SFb75Mk5kQ9esvadwtjuD02dDhf2WA9iYE1Q=")

{
    "rpIdHash": "SZYN5YgOjGh0NBcPZHZgW4_krrmihjLHmVzzuoMdl2M=",
    "flags": {
      "userPresent": true,
      "userVerified": true,
      "backupEligibility": false,
      "backupState": false,
      "attestedData": true,
      "extensionsIncluded": false
    },
    "counter": 0,
    "aaguid": "08987058-cadc-4b81-b6e1-30de50dcbe96",
    "name": "Windows Hello Hardware Authenticator"
  }

Please note that aaguid and name are only available during registration.

What is the difference between this and Passwordless.ID?

This library is a wrapper around the WebAuthn protocol. It is the technical foundation for strong authentication. No more, no less.

Passwordless.ID is a service. It provides is all the other things required for a complete authentication system:

multiple registered devices per account
user profile
e-mail verification (phone should come too at some point)
account recovery mechanisms
OAuth2/OpenID integration
…

This WebAuthn library enables you to build a custom solution from scratch. In contrast, Passwordless.ID enables you to use a “Sign in with Passwordless.ID” button, a bit like “Sign in with Google/Microsoft/Apple” but platform neutral, secure and without configuration.

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webauthn

Passwordless.ID / webauthn

How does the protocol work?

Installation / Usage

NPM

Browser

Import

Runs in…

Utilities

Registration

Overview

1. Requesting challenge

2. Trigger registration in browser

3. Verify it server side

4. Store the credential key

Authentication

Overview

1. Requesting challenge

2. Trigger authentication in browser

3. In the server, load the credential key

4. Verify the authentication

Remarks

The challenge is critical

There can be multiple credentials per user ID

Authentication does not provide username out of the box

Let the platform choose the user

This library simplifies a few things by using sensible defaults

Options

Parsing data

Registration

Authentication

clientData

authenticatorData

What is the difference between this and Passwordless.ID?

The `challenge` is critical

Authentication does not provide `username` out of the box

`clientData`

`authenticatorData`